Evolution of altruistic cooperation among nascent multicellular organisms.
Cooperation is a classic solution to hostile environments that limit individual survival. In extreme cases this may lead to the evolution of new types of biological individuals (e.g., eusocial super-organisms).
We examined the potential for interindividual cooperation to evolve via experimental evolution, challenging nascent multicellular “snowflake yeast” with an environment in which solitary multicellular clusters experienced low survival. In response, snowflake yeast evolved to form cooperative groups composed of thousands of multicellular clusters that typically survive selection.
Group formation occurred through the creation of protein aggregates, only arising in strains with high (>2%) rates of cell death. Nonetheless, it was adaptive and repeatable, although ultimately evolutionarily unstable.
Extracellular protein aggregates act as a common good, as they can be exploited by cheats that do not contribute to aggregate production. These results highlight the importance of group formation as a mechanism for surviving environmental stress, and underscore the remarkable ease with which even simple multicellular entities may evolve-and lose-novel social traits.
Selection for synchronized cell division in simple multicellular organisms.
The evolution of multicellularity was a major transition in the history of life on earth. Conditions under which multicellularity is favored have been studied theoretically and experimentally.
But since the construction of a multicellular organism requires multiple rounds of cell division, a natural question is whether these cell divisions should be synchronous or not. We study a population model in which there compete simple multicellular organisms that grow by either synchronous or asynchronous cell divisions.
We demonstrate that natural selection can act differently on synchronous and asynchronous cell division, and we offer intuition for why these phenotypes are generally not neutral variants of each other.
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 (TIMD4) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates or other biological fluids.
Human T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 (TIMD4) ELISA Kit
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 (TIMD4) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates or other biological fluids.
Human T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 (TIMD4) ELISA Kit
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 (TIMD4) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids.
Human T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 (TIMD4) ELISA Kit
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 (TIMD4) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids.
Human T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 (TIMD4) ELISA Kit
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 (TIMD4) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids.
Human T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 (TIMD4) ELISA Kit
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 (TIMD4) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids.
Human T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 (TIMD4) ELISA Kit
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Human T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 (TIMD4) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species.
Human T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 (TIMD4) ELISA Kit
Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Human T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 4 (TIMD4) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. A new trial version of the kit, which allows you to test the kit in your application at a reasonable price.
Human T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 4(TIMD4) ELISA kit
Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Human T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 4(TIMD4) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits.
ELISA kit for Human TIMD4 (T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4)
Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 from Human in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids.
ELISA kit for Human TIMD4 (T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 4)
Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for quantitative measurement of Human TIMD4 (T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 4) in samples from Serum, Plasma, Cell supernatant
ELISA kit for Human T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 4 (TIMD4)
Description: Quantitative sandwich ELISA for measuring Human T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 4 (TIMD4) in samples from cell culture supernatants, serum, whole blood, plasma and other biological fluids.
ELISA kit for Human T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 4 (TIMD4)
Description: Quantitative sandwich ELISA for measuring Human T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 4 (TIMD4) in samples from cell culture supernatants, serum, whole blood, plasma and other biological fluids.
ELISA kit for Human T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 4 (TIMD4)
Description: Quantitative sandwich ELISA for measuring Human T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 4 (TIMD4) in samples from cell culture supernatants, serum, whole blood, plasma and other biological fluids.
Recombinant Human T-cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin Domain-containing Protein 4/Tim-4 (C-6His)
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Mouse Immunoglobulin A1 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Mouse Immunoglobulin A1 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Mouse Immunoglobulin A1 in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Mouse Immunoglobulin A in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Mouse Immunoglobulin A in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Mouse Immunoglobulin A in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Mouse Immunoglobulin E in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A sandwich ELISA for quantitative measurement of Mouse Immunoglobulin E in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
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Caenorhabditis Sieve: A Low-tech Instrument and Methodology for Sorting Small Multicellular Organisms.
Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a well-established model organism used across a range of basic and biomedical research. Within the nematode research community, there is a need for an affordable and effective way to maintain large, age-matched populations of C. elegans.
Here, we present a methodology for mechanically sorting and cleaning C. elegans. Our aim is to provide a cost-effective, efficient, fast, and simple process to obtain animals of uniform sizes and life stages for their use in experiments.
This tool, the Caenorhabditis Sieve, uses a custom-built lid system that threads onto common conical lab tubes and sorts C. elegans based on body size. We also demonstrate that the Caenorhabditis Sieve effectively transfers animals from one culture plate to another allowing for a rapid sorting, synchronizing, and cleaning without impacting markers of health, including motility and stress-inducible gene reporters. This accessible and innovative tool is a fast, efficient, and non-stressful option for maintaining C. elegans populations.
Protein Disaggregation in Multicellular Organisms.
Protein aggregates are formed in cells with profoundly perturbed proteostasis, where the generation of misfolded proteins exceeds the cellular refolding and degradative capacity. They are a hallmark of protein conformational disorders and aged and/or environmentally stressed cells.
Protein aggregation is a reversible process in vivo, which counteracts proteotoxicities derived from aggregate persistence, but the chaperone machineries involved in protein disaggregation in Metazoa were uncovered only recently.
Here we highlight recent advances in the mechanistic understanding of the major protein disaggregation machinery mediated by the Hsp70 chaperone system and discuss emerging alternative disaggregation activities in multicellular organisms.
Toxicity of silver nanoparticles, multiwalled carbon nanotubes, and dendrimers assessed with multicellular organism Caenorhabditis elegans.
Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) was used to investigate the impact of silver nanoparticles (SNP), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), and polyamidoamine dendrimers (PAMAM) used in concentration of 1010 particle/mL.
Population-based observations and gene expression analysis were employed in this study. SNP and PAMAM caused decrease in the number of live nematodes and their body length, but MWCNT did not affect the population of nematodes.
Gene expression analysis revealed significant changes caused by the presence of all studied nanomaterials, and the results strongly suggest a specific metabolic response of the nematode organism to exposure to various nanomaterials.
It was shown that C. elegans is a very sensitive organism capable to respond specifically to the exposure to some nanomaterials and therefore could be considered as a possible biosensor for early warning of presence of some nanoparticles.
Description: The OxiSelect ROS Assay Kit is a cell-based assay for measuring hydroxyl, peroxyl, and other reactive oxygen species activity within a cell. The assay employs the cell-permeable fluorogenic probe DCFH-DA, which diffuses into cells and is deacetylcated by cellular esterases into the non-fluorescent DCFH (Figure 1). In the presence of ROS, DCFH is rapidly oxidized to highly fluorescent DCF. Fluorescence is read on a standard fluorometric plate reader.
OxiSelect In Vitro ROS/RNS Assay Kit (Green Fluorescence), Trial Size
Description: The OxiSelect In Vitro ROS/RNS Assay provides a sensitive method to detect total reactive oxygen species (ROS) plus reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in a wide variety of sample types. This assay employs a proprietary fluorogenic probe, DCFH-DiOxyQ; the probe is primed with a dequenching reagent to the highly reactive DCFH form. In the presence of ROS and RNS, the DCFH is rapidly oxidized to the highly fluorescent DCF.
Description: Intracellular pH plays an important modulating role in many cellular events, including cell growth, calcium regulation, enzymatic activity, receptor-mediated signal transduction, ion transport, endocytosis, chemotaxis, cell adhesion and other cellular processes.
CytoFix™ BCECF, AM *Optimized for long term cellular pH tracking*
Description: Our Cell Explorer™ fluorescence imaging kits are a set of tools for labeling cells for fluorescence microscopic investigations of cellular functions.
Cell Explorer™ Fixable Live Cell Tracking Kit *Green Fluorescence*
Description: Our Cell Explorer™ fluorescence imaging kits are a set of tools for labeling cells for fluorescence microscopic investigations of cellular functions.
Description: Detecting and imaging RNA molecules in living cells is extremely important for a wide variety of molecular biology procedures including physical transportation, interpretation of genetic information, regulation of gene expression and some essential bio-catalytic roles.
Description: Cell Meterâ„¢ Live Cell No Wash Caspase 3/7 Imaging Kit uses our recently developed cell-permeable fluorogenic caspase substrate, ApoSightâ„¢ Green Caspase 3/7, the first fluorogenic probe, for the direct detection of caspase activities in live cells.
Description: This water-soluble PhosLite™ Green substrate generates a bright and photostable yellow-green fluorescent precipitate at the site of phosphtase activity.
Description: Dropliteâ„¢ Green, developed by AAT Bioquest, is a green fluorescent dye with an extremely high affinity for LDs and minimal cell toxicity.
Description: The Cell Navigator® Plasma Membrane Stain Kit provides a fast and uniform labeling of the plasma membrane without the cell-type differences exhibited by lectins.
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