Evolution of altruistic cooperation among nascent multicellular organisms.
Cooperation is a classic solution to hostile environments that limit individual survival. In extreme cases this may lead to the evolution of new types of biological individuals (e.g., eusocial super-organisms).
We examined the potential for interindividual cooperation to evolve via experimental evolution, challenging nascent multicellular “snowflake yeast” with an environment in which solitary multicellular clusters experienced low survival. In response, snowflake yeast evolved to form cooperative groups composed of thousands of multicellular clusters that typically survive selection.
Group formation occurred through the creation of protein aggregates, only arising in strains with high (>2%) rates of cell death. Nonetheless, it was adaptive and repeatable, although ultimately evolutionarily unstable.
Extracellular protein aggregates act as a common good, as they can be exploited by cheats that do not contribute to aggregate production. These results highlight the importance of group formation as a mechanism for surviving environmental stress, and underscore the remarkable ease with which even simple multicellular entities may evolve-and lose-novel social traits.
Selection for synchronized cell division in simple multicellular organisms.
The evolution of multicellularity was a major transition in the history of life on earth. Conditions under which multicellularity is favored have been studied theoretically and experimentally.
But since the construction of a multicellular organism requires multiple rounds of cell division, a natural question is whether these cell divisions should be synchronous or not. We study a population model in which there compete simple multicellular organisms that grow by either synchronous or asynchronous cell divisions.
We demonstrate that natural selection can act differently on synchronous and asynchronous cell division, and we offer intuition for why these phenotypes are generally not neutral variants of each other.
Description: Our Rac Activation Assays use visible agarose beads to selectively precipitate the active form of Rac1 or Rac2. The precipitated small GTPase is then detected by Western blot using a Rac1- or Rac2-specific antibody included in the kit.
Description: Our Rap Activation Assays use visible agarose beads to selectively precipitate the active form of Rap1 or Rap2. The precipitated small GTPase is then detected by Western blot using a Rap1- or Rap2-specific antibody included in the kit.
Description: CytoSelect 96-Well Cell Transformation Assays (Cell Recovery Compatible) provide a robust system for detecting transformed cells, screening cell transformation inhibitors, and determining in vitro drug sensitivity. A proprietary modified soft agar matrix allows you to either quantify cells using the included fluorescent dye, or recover the cells for further analysis.
Description: The anti-CD19 CAR-T cells are produced by high-titer lentiviral transduction of human primary CD4+CD8+ T cells using the anti-CD19 CAR Lentivirus (CD19 ScFv-CD8-4-1BB-CD3ζ; SIN Vector). These ready-to use CAR-T cells express an anti-CD19 CAR consisting the ScFv of CD19 (clone FMC63) linked to a 2nd generation CAR (Chimeric Antigen Receptor) containing CD8 hinge and transmembrane domains, and the 4-1BB and CD3ζ signaling domains.These CAR-T cells have been validated using flow cytometry (to determine the CAR expression) and co-culture cytotoxicity assays.
Description: The anti-BCMA CAR-T cells are produced by high-titer lentiviral transduction of human primary CD4+CD8+ T cells using the anti-BCMA CAR Lentivirus (BPS Bioscience #78655). These ready-to-use CAR-T cells express an anti-BCMA CAR consisting of the ScFv of BCMA (clone C11D5.3) linked to a 2nd generation CAR (Chimeric Antigen Receptor) containing CD8 hinge and transmembrane domains, and the 4-1BB and CD3ζ signaling domains (Figure 1). These CAR-T cells have been validated using flow cytometry (to determine the CAR expression) and co-culture cytotoxicity assays.
Description: CytoSelect 96-Well Cell Transformation Assays (Cell Recovery Compatible) provide a robust system for detecting transformed cells, screening cell transformation inhibitors, and determining in vitro drug sensitivity. A proprietary modified soft agar matrix allows you to either quantify cells using the included fluorescent dye, or recover the cells for further analysis.
Human T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 4(TIMD4) ELISA kit
Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Human T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 4 (TIMD4) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. A new trial version of the kit, which allows you to test the kit in your application at a reasonable price.
Human T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 4(TIMD4) ELISA kit
Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Human T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 4(TIMD4) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits.
Recombinant Human T Cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin Domain-3/TIM3/HAVCR2 (C-6His)
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 (TIMD4) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates or other biological fluids.
Human T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 (TIMD4) ELISA Kit
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 (TIMD4) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates or other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 (TIMD4) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids.
Human T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 (TIMD4) ELISA Kit
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 (TIMD4) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids.
Human T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 (TIMD4) ELISA Kit
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 (TIMD4) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids.
Human T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 (TIMD4) ELISA Kit
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 (TIMD4) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids.
Human T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 (TIMD4) ELISA Kit
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Human T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 (TIMD4) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species.
Human T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 ELISA Kit (TIMD4)
Description: Chemotaxis describes the movement of cells toward or away from a chemical stimulus in their environment. Cell chemotaxis plays a pivotal role in the progression of cancer and other diseases. CytoSelect Cell Migration Assays are ideal for determining the chemotactic properties of cells. The 8 µm pore size is suitable for most cell types including epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and cancer cell lines.
Description: Chemotaxis describes the movement of cells toward or away from a chemical stimulus in their environment. Cell chemotaxis plays a pivotal role in the progression of cancer and other diseases. CytoSelect Cell Migration Assays are ideal for determining the chemotactic properties of cells. The 8 µm pore size is suitable for most cell types including epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and cancer cell lines.
Description: Chemotaxis describes the movement of cells toward or away from a chemical stimulus in their environment. Cell chemotaxis plays a pivotal role in the progression of cancer and other diseases. CytoSelect Cell Migration Assays are ideal for determining the chemotactic properties of cells. The 5 µm pore size is ideal for monocytes / macrophages.
Description: Chemotaxis describes the movement of cells toward or away from a chemical stimulus in their environment. Cell chemotaxis plays a pivotal role in the progression of cancer and other diseases. CytoSelect Cell Migration Assays are ideal for determining the chemotactic properties of cells. The 3 µm pore size is best for the smallest cells including neutrophils and other leukocytes.
Description: The ability of malignant tumor cells to invade normal surrounding tissue contributes in large part to the morbidity and mortality of cancers. Cell invasion requires several distinct cellular functions including adhesion, motility, detachment, and extracellular matrix proteolysis. Our CytoSelect Cell Invasion Assays utilize precoated inserts to assay the invasive properties of tumor cells. Invasive cells can be quantified in 24-well plates on either a standard microplate reader or a fluorescence plate reader. Inserts are precoated on the top of the membrane with ECM matrix gel (basement membrane), a protein mix isolated from EHS tumor cells.
Description: The ability of malignant tumor cells to invade normal surrounding tissue contributes in large part to the morbidity and mortality of cancers. Cell invasion requires several distinct cellular functions including adhesion, motility, detachment, and extracellular matrix proteolysis. Our CytoSelect Cell Invasion Assays utilize precoated inserts to assay the invasive properties of tumor cells. Invasive cells can be quantified in 24-well plates on either a standard microplate reader or a fluorescence plate reader. Inserts are precoated on the top of the membrane with ECM matrix gel (basement membrane), a protein mix isolated from EHS tumor cells.
Description: Our CytoSelect 96-Well Cell Transformation Assay (Soft Agar Colony Formation) is suitable for measuring cell transformation where no downstream analysis is required. Cells are incubated in a semisolid agar medium for 7-8 days. The cells are then solubilized, lysed and detected using the included fluorescent dye in a fluorometric plate reader.
ELISA kit for Human TIMD4 (T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 4)
Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for quantitative measurement of Human TIMD4 (T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 4) in samples from Serum, Plasma, Cell supernatant
ELISA kit for Human TIMD4 (T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4)
Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of T-Cell Immunoglobulin And Mucin Domain Containing Protein 4 from Human in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids.
ELISA kit for Human T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 4 (TIMD4)
Description: Quantitative sandwich ELISA for measuring Human T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 4 (TIMD4) in samples from cell culture supernatants, serum, whole blood, plasma and other biological fluids.
ELISA kit for Human T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 4 (TIMD4)
Description: Quantitative sandwich ELISA for measuring Human T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 4 (TIMD4) in samples from cell culture supernatants, serum, whole blood, plasma and other biological fluids.
ELISA kit for Human T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 4 (TIMD4)
Description: Quantitative sandwich ELISA for measuring Human T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 4 (TIMD4) in samples from cell culture supernatants, serum, whole blood, plasma and other biological fluids.
Description: GFP expression stable cell line in human Jurkat T Cells with Puromycin resistance. GFP is expressed under the promoter of human Flt1 gene.
Recombinant Human T-cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin Domain-containing Protein 4/Tim-4 (C-6His)
Description: Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution of PBS,pH7.4.
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Caenorhabditis Sieve: A Low-tech Instrument and Methodology for Sorting Small Multicellular Organisms.
Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a well-established model organism used across a range of basic and biomedical research. Within the nematode research community, there is a need for an affordable and effective way to maintain large, age-matched populations of C. elegans.
Here, we present a methodology for mechanically sorting and cleaning C. elegans. Our aim is to provide a cost-effective, efficient, fast, and simple process to obtain animals of uniform sizes and life stages for their use in experiments.
This tool, the Caenorhabditis Sieve, uses a custom-built lid system that threads onto common conical lab tubes and sorts C. elegans based on body size. We also demonstrate that the Caenorhabditis Sieve effectively transfers animals from one culture plate to another allowing for a rapid sorting, synchronizing, and cleaning without impacting markers of health, including motility and stress-inducible gene reporters. This accessible and innovative tool is a fast, efficient, and non-stressful option for maintaining C. elegans populations.
Protein Disaggregation in Multicellular Organisms.
Protein aggregates are formed in cells with profoundly perturbed proteostasis, where the generation of misfolded proteins exceeds the cellular refolding and degradative capacity. They are a hallmark of protein conformational disorders and aged and/or environmentally stressed cells.
Protein aggregation is a reversible process in vivo, which counteracts proteotoxicities derived from aggregate persistence, but the chaperone machineries involved in protein disaggregation in Metazoa were uncovered only recently.
Here we highlight recent advances in the mechanistic understanding of the major protein disaggregation machinery mediated by the Hsp70 chaperone system and discuss emerging alternative disaggregation activities in multicellular organisms.
Toxicity of silver nanoparticles, multiwalled carbon nanotubes, and dendrimers assessed with multicellular organism Caenorhabditis elegans.
Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) was used to investigate the impact of silver nanoparticles (SNP), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), and polyamidoamine dendrimers (PAMAM) used in concentration of 1010 particle/mL.
Population-based observations and gene expression analysis were employed in this study. SNP and PAMAM caused decrease in the number of live nematodes and their body length, but MWCNT did not affect the population of nematodes.
Gene expression analysis revealed significant changes caused by the presence of all studied nanomaterials, and the results strongly suggest a specific metabolic response of the nematode organism to exposure to various nanomaterials.
It was shown that C. elegans is a very sensitive organism capable to respond specifically to the exposure to some nanomaterials and therefore could be considered as a possible biosensor for early warning of presence of some nanoparticles.
OxiSelect In Vitro ROS/RNS Assay Kit (Green Fluorescence)
Description: The OxiSelect In Vitro ROS/RNS Assay provides a sensitive method to detect total reactive oxygen species (ROS) plus reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in a wide variety of sample types. This assay employs a proprietary fluorogenic probe, DCFH-DiOxyQ; the probe is primed with a dequenching reagent to the highly reactive DCFH form. In the presence of ROS and RNS, the DCFH is rapidly oxidized to the highly fluorescent DCF.
OxiSelect In Vitro ROS/RNS Assay Kit (Green Fluorescence)
Description: The OxiSelect In Vitro ROS/RNS Assay provides a sensitive method to detect total reactive oxygen species (ROS) plus reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in a wide variety of sample types. This assay employs a proprietary fluorogenic probe, DCFH-DiOxyQ; the probe is primed with a dequenching reagent to the highly reactive DCFH form. In the presence of ROS and RNS, the DCFH is rapidly oxidized to the highly fluorescent DCF.
OxiSelect In Vitro ROS/RNS Assay Kit (Green Fluorescence), Trial Size
Description: The OxiSelect In Vitro ROS/RNS Assay provides a sensitive method to detect total reactive oxygen species (ROS) plus reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in a wide variety of sample types. This assay employs a proprietary fluorogenic probe, DCFH-DiOxyQ; the probe is primed with a dequenching reagent to the highly reactive DCFH form. In the presence of ROS and RNS, the DCFH is rapidly oxidized to the highly fluorescent DCF.
Description: A polyclonal antibody against PTPN11 (Ab-580). Recognizes PTPN11 (Ab-580) from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC, IF;WB:1:500-1:1000, IHC:1:50-1:200, IF:1:100-1:200
Description: A polyclonal antibody against PTPN11 (Ab-580). Recognizes PTPN11 (Ab-580) from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC, IF;WB:1:500-1:1000, IHC:1:50-1:200, IF:1:100-1:200
Description: Alpha-1-antitrypsin 1-3(SERPIN A1) is a secreted protein and belongs to the serpin family. Serpins bind the protease active site resulting in a major conformational rearrangement that traps the enzyme in a covalent acyl-enzyme intermediate. Mouse SERPIN A1 is a serine protease inhibitor whose targets include elastase,plasmin, thrombin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and plasminogen activator. Defects in this gene can cause emphysema orliver disease. Several transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.
Description: Kallikrein7, also named as stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme (SCCE), is a secreted protein of the Kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK) family. This family contains fifteen homologous secreted serine endopeptidases and plays a significant role in various physiological processes, including skin desquamation, semen liquefaction, neural plasticity, and body fluid homeostasis. In skin KLK5, KLK 7 and KLK14 are able to degrade corneodesmosomes, which leads to desquamation of skin surface cells. KLK activation is believed to be mediated through highly organized proteolytic cascades, regulated through a series of feedback loops, inhibitors, auto-degradation and internal cleavages. Studies have shown that one potential physiological activator for KLK7 is KLK5. Along with KLK14, these three kallikreins form a proteolytic cascade in the stratum corneum. KLK7 is primarily expressed in the skin but is also detected at relatively high levels in esophagus, heart, liver, central nervous system, kidney, pancreas, mammary and salivary glands.
Description: Mesothelin (MSLN) is also known as CAK1 antigen, Pre-pro-megakaryocyte-potentiating factor, which belongs to the mesothelin family. Mesothelin / MSLN can be proteolytically cleaved into the following two chains by a furin-like convertase: Megakaryocyte-potentiating factor (MPF) and the cleaved form of mesothelin. Both MPF and the cleaved form of mesothelin are N-glycosylated. Mesothelin / MSLN can interacts with MUC16. The membrane-anchored forms of MSLN may play a role in cellular adhesion. MPF potentiates megakaryocyte colony formation in vitro.
Description: Long trebler phosphoramidite is a branching reagent for oligonucleotide synthesis allowing to synthesize branched DNA structures using standard DNA synthesizer.
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